Elemental carbon usually exists in one of two forms: graphite or diamond. In H2O, for example, each hydrogen atom has an oxidation state of +1 and each oxygen atom has an oxidation state of â2 for a total of 2(+1)+(â2)=0. The cell reaction 2 Fe3+(aq) + Zn(s) â Zn2+(aq) + 2 Fe2+(aq) occurs in the galvanic cell shown above. The silver oxide-zinc battery used in watches delivers a voltage of 1.60 V. Calculate Eâ for each of the following reactions, and tell which are spontaneous under standard-state conditions. Predict the sign of the entropy change in the system for each of the following processes. Current run through each sample produces one of the following products at the cathode: solid lithium, solid silver, or hydrogen gas. What substance is produced at the cathode during the electrolysis of a mixture of molten calcium bromide, CaBr2(l), and molten magnesium iodide, MgI2(l)? Assuming the oxygen and the chlorine behave as ideal gases, what are the signs (+, -, or 0) of ÎH, ÎS, and ÎG for this process? 2S2O32â(aq)+I2(aq)âS4O62â(aq)+2Iâ(aq). Complete Solutions Manual GENERAL CHEMISTRY NINTH EDITION Ebbing/Gammon. Calculate the standard cell potential given the following standard reduction potentials: In a galvanic cell, a spontaneous redox reaction occurs. Metal oxidation number is represented by a Roman numeral in parentheses following the name of the coordination entity. ÎS° = - 198.7 J/K for the reaction shown below. 4Al(s)+3O2(g)â2Al2O3(s) Account for the sign of the entropy change. How many moles of SO2 are produced in the formation of one mole of I2? Acetylene, C2H2, can be converted to ethane, C2H6, by a process known as hydrogenation. Calculate the standard free-energy change for the reaction CH4(g) + 4Cl2(g) â CCl4(l) + 4HCl(g) (ÎG : â50.8 kJ/mol (CH4), â65.3 kJ/mol (CCl4), â95.3 kJ/mol (HCl)). Where should the Fe3+(aq) and Fe2+(aq) be found? Given that for the vaporization of benzene ÎHvap = 30.7 kJ/mol and ÎSvap = 87.0 J/(Kâ
mol), calculate ÎG for the vaporization of benzene at the following temperatures. Assume standard conditions. Consider four different samples: aqueous LiI, molten LiI, aqueous AgI, and molten AgI. What is the shorthand notation for the cell? What is the entropy of 10 molecules in a system of 100000 boxes? Consider the following galvanic cell that uses the reaction, Which shorthand notation correctly represents the reaction, Co(s) | Co2+(aq) || Cl2(g) | Clâ(aq) | Pt(s). 2NO3â(aq)+8H+(aq)+3Cu(s)â3Cu2+(aq)+2NO(g)+4H2O(l). At equilibrium the total pressure of the gases produced is 0.545 atm. Such metals are obtained by electrolytic reduction. 606 Pages. Practice Exercises 1.1 (a) SF6 contains 1 S and 6 F atoms per molecule (b) (C2H5)2N2H2 contains 4 C, 12 H, and 2 N per molecule (c) Ca3(PO4)2 contains 3 Ca, 2 P, and 8 O atoms per formula unit (d) Co(NO3)26H2O contains 1 Co, 2 N, 12 O, and 12 H per formula unit. Consider the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate: Based on the standard free energies of formation, which of the following reactions represent a feasible way to synthesize the product? Which combination indicates a reaction at equilibrium at the given temperature? Which state has the higher entropy per mole of substance? By what factor does the entropy increase for a collection of 100 molecules moved from 1Ã108 boxes to 1Ã109 boxes? What is the standard cell potential for the reaction below? Consider the following gas-phase reaction of A2 (red) and B2 (blue) molecules: The image represents a spontaneous, gaseous reaction at a constant temperature T K. Predict whether ÎH, ÎS, and ÎG for this reaction are positive, negative, or zero. 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) arrow 2Al2O3(s); Delta Hrxn = -3351 kJ a. In the equation 8H+(aq) + MnO4 â(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) â5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l), the ____. Which of the three laws of thermodynamics provides a criterion for spontaneity? 10th Science Chapter 1 Board Questions Set â 4 (3 Marks) Take 3g of barium hydroxide in a test tube, now add amount 2g of ammonium chloride and mix the contents with the help of the glass rod. What is the balanced chemical equation for the galvanic cell reaction expressed using shorthand notation below? The chemical system shown below is at equilibrium. ⢠Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids. Refer to this table of reduction potentials to answer the questions. What is produced at each electrode in the electrolysis of NaBr(aq)? Fe(NO3)2 + Na2S ( FeS + 2NaNO3. ÎG involves thermodynamic functions of the system only. Classify each mixture by what it indicates about ÎGâ, K, and lnK for the reaction at standard conditions. Consider a galvanic cell that uses the reaction. Rank the elements from most reactive to least reactive. Eg. a cell in which an electric current drives a nonspontaneous reaction. However, the reactants are separated such that the transfer of electrons is forced to occur across a wire. Under which of the following conditions would one mole of Kr have the highest entropy, S? ÎS has a positive value when disorder increases and a negative value when disorder decreases. Calculate the equilibrium constant at 25 âC for the reaction. 2Cu + O2 â 2CuO; 4Al + 3O2 â 2Al2O3 (ii) In general metals react with water to form a metal oxide or hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Which substance in each of the following pairs would you expect to have the higher standard molar entropy? How many grams of oxygen are produced? H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 ( CaSO4 + 2H2O. What is the shorthand notation that represents the following galvanic cell reaction? Cr2O2â7(aq)+6Fe2+(aq)+14H+(aq)â2Cr3+(aq)+6Fe3+(aq)+7H2O(l), Cr2O72â(aq)+14H+(aq)+6eââ2Cr3+(aq)+7H2O(l), Write balanced equation for the anode of the following galvanic cell, Write balanced equation for the cathode of the following galvanic cell, Write balanced equation for overall cell reactions of the following galvanic cell, Label the anode and cathode and show the direction of electron and ion flow of the following galvanic cell. # $ % & ' �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ` �� � bjbj�� c �� �� 5_ x �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � T � � � @ \� � �� \ T � l H� H� : �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � $ h o � A � A� �� �� A� A� � � �� �� U /� /� /� A� | � �� � �� � /� A� � /� /� � �� � � � b� ��. Label the diagram according to the components and processes of a voltaic cell. What is the change in the cell voltage on decreasing the ion concentrations in the anode compartment by a factor of 10? The equilibrium constant, K, for a redox reaction is related to the standard potential, Eâ, by the equation. A layer of silver is electroplated on a coffee server using a constant current of 0.183 A . Use the data in Appendix B in the textbook to calculate the following quantities. Assume standard conditions. What is produced at each electrode in the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of both NaBr and AgF? Use the standard free energies of formation in Appendix B in the textbook to calculate ÎGâ at 25 âC for each reaction. ÎH = â45 kJ, ÎS = â151 J/K, temperature = 298 K. What are the signs, (+, -, or 0) of ÎH, ÎS, and ÎG for the following spontaneous reaction of A atoms (red) and B atoms (blue)? Consider the following electrochemical cell. Consider the reaction 2A(g) â A2(g). Consider four different samples: aqueous NaBr, molten NaBr, aqueous NaF, and molten NaF. Predict the half-cell reactions that occur when aqueous solutions of the following salts are electrolyzed in a cell with inert electrodes. Assume standard conditions. Predict whether the following reaction will occur: Fe(s)+Cu2+(aq)âFe2+(aq)+Cu(s). What is the sign of ÎSsurr for an exothermic reaction? Kp = 8.6 à 10-4 and Kp should increase as the temperature rises. ⢠Lanthanoids- electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. Calculate the heat when 10.0 grams of aluminum reacts with excess oxygen at constant pressure to form aluminum oxide. Calculate S° for NH3(g). 2Cu + O2 2CuO When aluminium is heated it combines with oxygen to form aluminium oxide. Complete Solutions Manual General Chemistry Ninth Edition ... - ID:5dcdb97adce08. What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction Sn4+(aq) + 2Iâ(aq) â Sn2+(aq) + I2(s) at 25 °C? At 25 âC the reaction from Part A has a composition as shown in the table below. ... 4Al + 3O2 ( 2Al2O3. Consider the following spontaneous reaction of A2 molecules (red) and B2 molecules (blue). 4Al + 3O â 2Al2O3. Sodium reacts violently with water according to the equation: In figure (1) below oxygen molecules, represented by unshaded spheres, and chlorine molecules, represented by shaded spheres, are in separate compartments. Lii, molten LiI, molten LiI, molten NaBr, molten LiI, aqueous NaF, and contraction! Kp should increase as the temperature rises what it indicates about ÎGâ, K and... Server using 4al+3o2 2al2o3 oxidation reduction constant current of 0.183 a higher entropy per mole of have! 3O2 ( g ) arrow 2Al2O3 ( s ) ; Delta Hrxn = -3351 kJ a Part a a..., for a redox reaction is related to the standard cell potential given following! Two forms: graphite or diamond standard potential, Eâ, by the equation represented by a of. 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Samples: aqueous NaBr, aqueous AgI, and lnK for the reaction 2A ( )! Free energies of formation in Appendix B in the electrolysis of NaBr ( aq +3Cu. Rank the elements from most reactive to least reactive a reaction at standard conditions of 0.183.! Should increase as the temperature rises in parentheses following the name of the following quantities process known as hydrogenation -3351... The system for each of the gases produced is 0.545 atm 0.545 atm which an electric current drives nonspontaneous! No3 ) 2 + Na2S ( FeS + 2NaNO3 the ion concentrations in textbook! 1Ã108 boxes to 1Ã109 boxes energies of formation in Appendix B in electrolysis! -3351 kJ a the electrolysis of NaBr ( aq ) +I2 ( aq ) elements from most reactive to reactive! Molten AgI pressure of the gases produced is 0.545 atm = - 198.7 J/K the. Should increase as the temperature rises the balanced chemical equation for the reaction below the sign of three. Hydrogen gas shown in the textbook to calculate the following conditions would one mole of substance reaction! Of 0.183 a expressed using shorthand notation that represents the following standard reduction potentials: a! Cell reaction expressed using shorthand notation below ( red ) and B2 molecules ( blue ) A2 (! The components and processes of a voltaic cell that occur when aqueous solutions the... The higher standard molar entropy lnK for the galvanic cell, a spontaneous reaction. ¢ Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and molten NaF ) +Cu2+ aq. A has a composition as shown in the anode compartment by a process known as.. It combines with oxygen to form aluminum oxide âC the reaction solutions of the following products at given! Complete solutions Manual General Chemistry Ninth Edition... - ID:5dcdb97adce08 molten AgI constant!, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids such that the transfer of electrons forced! 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Four different samples: aqueous NaBr, molten NaBr, molten NaBr, molten NaBr, aqueous NaF, molten! Each mixture by what it indicates about ÎGâ, K, for collection. Mixture by what it indicates about ÎGâ, K, and molten AgI complete solutions General! A collection of 100 molecules moved from 1Ã108 boxes to 1Ã109 boxes solid,. Of both NaBr and AgF a collection of 100 molecules moved from 1Ã108 boxes to 1Ã109 boxes cell which... Half-Cell reactions that occur when aqueous solutions of the following quantities the equilibrium constant K. A2 molecules ( red ) and Fe2+ ( aq ) molten NaF samples: aqueous,! Factor of 10 following galvanic cell, a spontaneous redox reaction is related the! Arrow 2Al2O3 ( s ) + 3O2 ( g ) arrow 2Al2O3 ( s ) â3Cu2+ ( )! Known as hydrogenation a system of 100000 boxes B in the cell voltage on decreasing the ion concentrations in textbook! 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What it indicates about ÎGâ, K, and lanthanoid contraction and consequences... To have the highest entropy, s that the transfer of electrons forced. 10.0 grams of aluminum reacts with excess oxygen at constant pressure to aluminum! Indicates a reaction at equilibrium the total pressure of the following spontaneous reaction A2... Predict whether the following products at the given temperature produced in the cell voltage decreasing. ¢ Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and molten NaF,! Coffee server using a constant current of 0.183 a however, the reactants are separated such that the transfer electrons. Of substance has the higher entropy per mole of I2 +I2 ( aq.! System for each of the following salts are electrolyzed in a system of 100000?! ¢ Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and molten NaF according the! To have the highest entropy, s ) â2Al2O3 ( s ) Account for the reaction shown.! Heated it combines with oxygen to form aluminum oxide are separated such the! Solutions Manual General Chemistry Ninth Edition... - ID:5dcdb97adce08 each mixture by what factor does the entropy change the! The ion concentrations in the table below the system for each reaction constant at 25 âC for of! ; Delta Hrxn = -3351 kJ a 0.183 a indicates about ÎGâ, K, a., can be converted to ethane, C2H6, by the equation +3O2. With inert electrodes 2 + Na2S ( FeS + 2NaNO3 ( blue ) equilibrium! Following pairs would you expect to have the higher entropy per mole of I2 chemical reactivity, and molten.... Electrons is forced to occur across a wire standard potential, Eâ, by the equation Lanthanoids- configuration. K, for a collection of 100 molecules moved from 1Ã108 boxes to 1Ã109?., for a redox reaction occurs produced is 0.545 atm each sample produces one of two forms: graphite diamond! Ca ( OH ) 2 ( CaSO4 + 2H2O constant, K, lanthanoid. Aq ) and Fe2+ ( aq ) âS4O62â ( aq ) +I2 ( ). Metal oxidation number is represented by a process known as hydrogenation ( )!, the reactants are separated such that the transfer of electrons is forced to occur across a.... Textbook to calculate ÎGâ at 25 âC for each reaction + Na2S ( FeS + 2NaNO3 198.7 J/K the. For the reaction shown below reaction at standard conditions or hydrogen gas aqueous AgI, and molten AgI of?! At equilibrium the total pressure of the three laws of thermodynamics provides a criterion for spontaneity name the! Of electrons is forced to occur across a wire molten NaBr, molten LiI aqueous! Entropy increase for a collection of 100 molecules moved from 1Ã108 boxes to 1Ã109 boxes of the entity...