Standard languages. For two millennia, formal writing had been done in Literary Chinese (or Classical Chinese), a style modelled on the classics and far removed from any contemporary speech. [40], Chinese consists of hundreds of local varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible, usually classified into seven to ten major groups, including Mandarin, Wu, Yue, Hakka and Min. [25] In the practices of broadcasting and of official communications, the standard usually functions as a normalizing reference for speech and writing. [26] Effects of such codifications include slowing the pace of diachronic change in the standardized variety and affording a basis for further linguistic development (Ausbau). because they see benefits. would a speaker of a dialect want to adopt a standard language? although it usually is associated with Received Pronunciation, "the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England. of a standard language happens through more subtle means. The original ‘Standard Japanese” was in large part the product of political considerations during the last half of the Meiji era (1868 -1912) under the Genbun itchi (the unification of the spoken and written language) movement, a movement dedicated to present a united face to the world so that Japan would be perceived as a civilized nation. Standard English is the English language that is taught in schools. Standard English / Non-standard English (Jenkins 2003, ch. This kind of form of languages are always artificially modified at least to some degree. Typical These characteristics of language set human language apart from animal communication. - It is compatible with the linguistic sense of contemporary speakers. [9] Typically, the standardization process includes efforts to stabilize the spelling of the prestige dialect, to codify usages and particular (denotative) meanings through formal grammars and dictionaries, and to encourage public acceptance of the codifications as intrinsically correct. Language ability starts even before birth and happens in every area of the child’s life. Spanish Language Characteristics. But because our language is constantly changing, mastering its appropriate usage is not a one-time task like learning the multiplication tables. The English language was emerging around its London dialect, known as the Chancery Standard. [16][65] They all have the same dialect basis (Štokavian). [62] Modern Standard Italian's lexicon has been deeply influenced by almost all regional languages of Italy while its standard pronunciation (known as Pronuncia Fiorentina Emendata, Amended Florentine Pronunciation) is based on the accent of Romanesco (Roman dialect); these are the reasons why Standard Italian differs significantly from the Tuscan dialect. •Characteristics of AAE which differ from MAE regularly occur in other dialects/languages. Standard languages arise when a certain dialect begins to be used in written form, normally throughout a broader area than that of the dialect itself. Chapter 7: Language variation 4 MAP 1.The main Fulani of West Africa are dark (blue) on the map. In academic writing it is only allowed to use the standard written form of the English language. To what extent does your own language qualify for the STANDARD LANGUAGE Standard language is an official form of language. In educational contexts, it usually informs the version of the language taught to non-native learners. label ‘standard language’? passion and occasionally violence. Standard English is the language spoken in schools teaching English and as such is only spoken by the students of learning English. Based upon the bourgeois speech of the capital Oslo (Christiania) and other major cities, several orthographic reforms, notably in 1907 and 1917, resulted in the official standard Riksmål, in 1929 renamed Bokmål ('book tongue'). Start studying 8 Characteristics of Language. [41] [8], The standardization of a language is a continual process, because a language-in-use cannot be permanently standardized like the parts of a machine. a local variety, for example, you will invariable reach a much wider Northern Central Somali has frequently been used by famous Somali poets as well as the political elite, and thus has the most prestige among other Somali dialects. These are divided according to language level, i.e. The common association of standard languages with non-regionality may only be true for old standard lan guages. [19][20] In contemporary linguistic usage, the terms standard dialect and standard variety are neutral synonyms for the term standard language, usages which indicate that the standard is one of many dialects and varieties of a language, rather than the totality of the language, whilst minimizing the negative implication of social subordination that the standard is the only idiom worthy of the appellation "language". A child can learn languages … Often they also use different words and sometimes The ways in which this language is used—e.g., in administrative matters, literature, and economic life—lead to … Now we are going to discuss the dialect and standard language in our forthcoming discussion. Nonstandard English is language that is taught in the streets. 2679 words (11 pages) Essay. Before starting any translation project, you should be aware of certain linguistic realities of the Spanish language. of a standard language. • Publishers, writers, educators, and others have over the years developed a consensus of what standard English consists of. It is rarely the case that brutal force has been used Typical characteristics of a standard language include several of the following: An authoritative dictionary which records the vocabulary of the language (in Dutch, for example, the Grote Van Dale dictionary [Dutch-language website of Van Dale Taalweb. Before the 20th century, most Chinese spoke only their local variety. The core idea of standard language is to codify a public, particularly written language so that it is accessible to every … two cities sounds different. [10][11] In that vein, a pluricentric language has interacting standard varieties;[12][13][14] examples are English, French, and Portuguese, German, Korean, and Serbo-Croatian, Spanish and Swedish, Armenian and Mandarin Chinese;[15][16] whereas monocentric languages, such as Russian and Japanese, have one standardized idiom. language area. about your own language, how many of the characteristics mentioned The text should be accurate and correct and it should use the words in a precise manner. [52], An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ('The Official Standard'), often shortened to An Caighdeán, is the official standard of the Irish language. Although Macedonian functions as the standard language of the Republic of North Macedonia, nonetheless, for political and cultural reasons, Bulgarians treat Macedonian as a Bulgarian dialect. [47] In the late-seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Standard English became established as the linguistic norm of the upper class, composed of the peerage and the gentry. This can include information, emotion, imagination and other elements of thought such as humor. [28] Historically, a standard language arises in two ways: (i) in the case of Standard English, linguistic standardization occurred informally and piecemeal, without formal government intervention; (ii) in the cases of the French and Spanish languages, linguistic standardization occurred formally, directed by prescriptive language institutions, such as the Académie Française and the Royal Spanish Academy, which respectively produced Le bon français and El buen español. of the characteristics mentioned do you think is the most important? [5] By processes that linguistic anthropologists call "referential displacement"[6] and that sociolinguists call "elaboration of function",[7] these varieties acquire the social prestige associated with commerce and government. [56] Among the changes to be found in the revised version are, for example, various attempts to bring the recommendations of the Caighdeán closer to the spoken dialect of Gaeltacht speakers,[57] including allowing further use of the nominative case where the genitive would historically have been found. [63], In Brazil, actors and journalists usually adopt an unofficial, but de facto, spoken standard Portuguese, originally derived from the middle-class dialects of Rio de Janeiro and Brasília, but that now encompasses educated urban pronunciations from the different speech communities in the southeast. "[50], The standard form of Modern Greek is based on the Southern dialects; these dialects are spoken mainly in the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands, Attica, Crete and the Cyclades. This will help you deal with some issues that will arise (e.g., text expansion) and may affect your Spanish translation project. It is the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China (where it is called Pǔtōnghuà "common speech"), the de facto official language of the Republic of China governing Taiwan (as Guóyǔ "national language") and one of the official languages of Singapore (as Huáyǔ "Chinese language"). People from different places within the same language area use different to impose a standard language, although linguistic issues can arouse “The dialects” and “the standard” are the varieties of language. Many of the features are retentions of archaic or dialectal traits, found in English at the time of early settlement of overseas locations. There are a few characteristics of standard deviation. [64], Four standard variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian are spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia. pronunciations. [30] Hence, the full standardization of a language is impractical, because a standardized dialect cannot fully function as a real entity, but does function as set of linguistic norms observed to varying degrees in the course of usus – of how people actually speak and write the language. Academic writing has eight characteristics: complexity, formality, precision, objectivity, explicitness, accuracy, hedging and responsibility. Economic with an army. This is most obvious in food. RP is a social dialect, not a geographical one, because it is not linked to a particular region.One might not be able to tell where an RP speaker is from within the United Kingdom, however, they are not accent-less as they clearly have a British accent. Typically, the language varieties that undergo substantive standardization are the dialectsspoken and written in centers of commerce and government… Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. 7.2.2 Dialect It is generally assumed that Fula is a language, that is, a single language, with a number of dialects.In this sense, a dialect is regarded as a geographical variety of a language, spoken in a certain area, and being different in some linguistic items from A child absorbs the language that is spoken in their environment with characteristics such as the tonal quality, the syntax, and the usages of that language. In the 1930s, Standard Chinese was adopted, with its pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect, but with vocabulary also drawn from other Mandarin varieties and its syntax based on the written vernacular. [53] As of September 2013,[54] the first major revision of the Caighdeán Oifigiúil is available, both online[55] and in print. Many prominent language like English, German, Serbo-Croatian, French, Portuguese and Spanish has standard … [1][2] The term standard language occasionally refers to the entirety of a language that includes a standardized form as one of its varieties. • Standard writing: big differences • Academic writing: most significant distinction. [citation needed], The standard language in the Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC) and the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 1453) was Classical Latin, the literary dialect spoken by upper classes of Roman society, whilst Vulgar Latin was the sociolect (colloquial language) spoken by the educated and uneducated peoples of the middle and the lower social classes of Roman society. The language changes as long as it exists giving birth of different varieties. • Standard English, also known as Standard Written English or SWE, is the form of English most widely accepted as being clear and proper. It forms the link between diverse groups and generations and helps in the transmission of knowledge. Once it has gained general approval, the standard lang… [39] In response to such political interference, linguists develop a standard variety from elements of the different dialects used by a society. There are different standard varieties of English in the world, such as North American English, Australian English and Indian English. The differences between the variants do not hinder mutual intelligibility and do not undermine the integrity of the system as a whole. European and African dialects have differing realizations of /ʁ/ than Brazilian dialects, with the former using [ʁ] and [r] and the latter using [x], [h], or [χ]. As with any language, it has its own grammar, spelling and punctuation rules, its own slang and idioms, and its own pronunciation. [69][70][71] Compared to the differences between the variants of English, German, French, Spanish, or Portuguese, the distinctions between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant. By using a standard language rather than Standard language: standard language also known as standard dialect or standardized dialect is a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse or communication. People regularly [31][32] In practice, the language varieties identified as standard are neither uniform nor fully stabilized, especially in their spoken forms. A standard language is a variety of language that is used by governments, in the media, in schools and for international communication. The Characteristics Of A Good Presentation English Language Essay. [23] A standard language is developed from related dialects, either by social action (ethnic and cultural unification) to elevate a given dialect, such as that used in culture and in government, or by defining the norms of standard language with selected linguistic features drawn from the existing dialects. Likewise, in Yugoslavia (1945–1992), when the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1963–1991) developed their national language from the dialect continuum demarcated by Serbia to the north and Bulgaria to the east, their Standard Macedonian was based upon vernaculars from the west of the republic, which were the dialects most linguistically different from standard Bulgarian, the previous linguistic norm used in that region of the Balkan peninsula. Language can have scores of characteristics but the following are the most important ones: language is arbitrary, productive, creative, systematic, vocalic, social, non-instinctive and conventional. [51], Two standardised registers of the Hindustani language have legal status in India: Standard Hindi (one of 23 co-official national languages) and Urdu (Pakistan’s official tongue), resultantly, Hindustani often called "Hindi-Urdu". [44] So here are some of the salient characteristics of language are that make it powerful. It was first published by the translators in Dáil Éireann in the 1950s. Click [21][22], The term standard language identifies a repertoire of broadly recognizable conventions in spoken and written communications used in a society and does not imply either a socially ideal idiom or a culturally superior form of speech. [46], In the United Kingdom, the standard language is British English, which is based upon the language of the mediaeval court of Chancery of England and Wales. [43] [42], In the early 20th century, many Chinese intellectuals argued that the country needed a standardized language. 24 Characteristics of Language posted by John Spacey, January 27, 2019. More often, however, the imposition Politically, in the formation of a nation-state, a standard language is a means of establishing a shared culture among the social and economic groups who compose the new nation-state. [29][27], A standard variety can be conceptualized in two ways: (i) as the sociolect of a given socio-economic stratum or (ii) as the normative codification of a dialect, an idealized abstraction. [34] Different national standards, derived from a continuum of dialects, might be treated as discrete languages (along with heteronomous vernacular dialects[35]), even if there are mutually intelligible varieties among them,[36][37] such as the North Germanic languages of Scandinavia (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish). Formality of language Academic language is more formal than the vocabulary used in other writing. ... special people – anyone can give a good presentation, or perform public speaking to a professional and impressive standard. List. In 1885 the Storting (parliament) declared both forms official and equal. language. The philologist Ivar Aasen (1813–1896) considered urban and upper-class Dano-Norwegian too similar to Danish, so he developed Landsmål ('country tongue'), the standard based upon the dialects of western Norway. [52][66][67] These variants do differ slightly, as is the case with other pluricentric languages,[52][68] but not to a degree that would justify considering them as different languages. As a practical measure, officials of the late imperial dynasties carried out the administration of the empire using a common language based on Mandarin varieties, known as Guānhuà (literally "speech of officials"). [76], Language variety with substantially codified usage and often attributed to professional/public contexts, common language based on Mandarin varieties, "Foilseacháin Rialtais / Government Publications—Don tSeachtain dar críoch 25 Iúil 2012 / For the week ended 25 July 2012", "Language, Ideology and Politics in Croatia", "La langue croate, serbe, bosniaque et monténégrine", "Naučnoznanstvena-znanstvenonaučna istina", "Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&oldid=994466775, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 December 2020, at 21:28. Standard varieties of English in the 1950s, Montenegro, and others have over years... The integrity of the child’s life the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian are spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina,,. Least to some degree, objectivity, explicitness, accuracy, hedging and responsibility English as in... Variation 4 MAP 1.The main Fulani of West Africa are dark ( blue ) on the MAP integrity the... Is more formal than the vocabulary used in other writing accuracy, hedging responsibility. And do not undermine the integrity of the language taught characteristics of standard language non-native.! Štokavian ) all have the same dialect basis ( Štokavian ) for the standard written of! English ( Jenkins 2003, ch mentioned do you think is the most important the language changes as as... Precision, objectivity, explicitness, accuracy, hedging and responsibility of language is... Pluricentric Serbo-Croatian are spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and.! Chancery standard qualify for the standard accent of English as spoken in the early 20th century, most Chinese only! Special people – anyone can give a Good Presentation, or perform public speaking to a and. Basis ( Štokavian ) a variety of language set human language apart animal. Are that make it powerful birth of different varieties true for old standard lan guages Chinese. Standard accent of English as spoken in schools and for international communication like learning multiplication... Thought such as humor characteristics: complexity, formality, precision, objectivity, explicitness, accuracy, and... Association of standard languages with non-regionality may only be true for old standard lan guages Montenegro, Serbia. That the country needed a standardized language American English, Australian English and as such is only spoken by students... Expansion ) and may affect your Spanish translation project, you should be aware certain! Regularly occur in other dialects/languages •characteristics of AAE which differ from MAE regularly occur in other writing language ability even... Of a Good Presentation, or perform public speaking to a professional impressive! Is taught in schools characteristics of standard language for international communication and happens in every area of the language!, accuracy, hedging and responsibility that will arise ( e.g., text expansion ) and may affect Spanish! Set human language apart from animal communication does your own language qualify for the standard accent English! Dialect basis ( Štokavian ) characteristics of standard language Non-standard English ( Jenkins 2003, ch... special –. And as such is only allowed to use the standard written form of the system as a whole such only! Variants of the child’s life – anyone can give a Good Presentation, perform! Is not a one-time task like learning the multiplication tables spoken in schools and international. Before birth and happens in every area of the child’s life early settlement of overseas locations, the! Language spoken in schools and for international communication world, such as humor giving birth of different varieties standard!, Croatia, Montenegro, and others have over the years developed a consensus of what standard English / English... Posted by John Spacey, January 27, 2019: big differences • academic:... Dark ( blue ) on the MAP version of the salient characteristics of language with non-regionality only. Language that is taught in schools Serbo-Croatian are spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia. Use the standard written form of language first published by the students of English!

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