This finding is in line with the previous literature showing evidence for better psychological and health outcomes in club-based (team) sports participants than individual participants and those in less social settings [21,41]. Data collection occurred in six municipalities in the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Utrecht, Alphen aan den Rijn, Heerlen, Berkelland and Roerdalen) in September 2014. rg. Furthermore, having health management goals had the strongest positive association with sports frequency among informal participants and was associated less with sports club members. Interestingly, sports club members showed higher levels of both extrinsic goals (social recognition and image) and intrinsic goals (skill development and social affiliation). broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. For example, if sports participants perceive the culture within sports clubs as focused on skill development, social recognition and performance and as a place where trainers and peers have expectations and limits are pushed, for instance, this might explain why novice athletes prefer more low-key, flexible opportunities with less sense of obligations [4,8]. Notes that some sport scientists have suggested that various rule-violating behaviors (RVBs [including aggressive player behavior]) are normative behaviors perceived to be "legitimate violations" by participants. Dataset based on data collection in six municipalities in the Netherlands (2014). Data were collected via an online survey that recorded information about motivations, goal content, and sports participation characteristics, including principal sports setting. Writing – original draft, First, we explore the link between involvement in these activities and our indicators of positive and negative development. In contrast, participation in team sports was linked to positive educational trajectories and to high rates of involvement in one risky behavior, drinking alcohol. [10], we consider non-club organized sports in gyms, health centres or swimming pools as a distinct category, because municipal policies regarding these more commercial sports suppliers differ from sports clubs and public space settings. On the other hand, despite strong controlled motivations and extrinsic goals of social recognition and image, club members participate very frequently and spend more time in sports [5]. The mean age was 50.6 (SD = 15.8), and 55.1% of respondents were women. 40 likes. Three categories of address density were distinguished: rural (< 500 addresses per km2), hardly to moderately urbanized (500–1.500 addresses per km2), and strongly to extremely urbanized (> 1.500 per km2). The purpose of this review was to summarize evidence on friendship networks and both physical activity and sedentary behavior among children and adolescents. Given that the current findings represent perceptions only, future prospective work is needed to further our understanding of the effects of experiencing emotional abuse. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. As the epidemic of overweight increases among youth, research needs to examine factors that may influence children's participation in weight-related health behaviors. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205198.s001. [6], we found that social goals were mostly found among members of traditional sports clubs. This study sought to enhance, through qualitative methods, an understanding of the factors that influence adolescents’commitments to extracurricular activities over time. Multivariate hierarchical logistic regression analyses of Add Health data to explore whether increased participation in sports (none, 1-2, 3-4, or 5 or more times per week) is associated with depression and suicidal ideation and whether exercise, self-esteem, body weight, social support, and substance abuse mediate these relationships. Key predictors for sports participation and retention, including individual differences, perceived ability, and social support, are also reviewed. However, sports participation in outdoor settings can also produce higher restorative health benefits than do indoor settings [42]. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend policymakers and managers in the sport and health domains to be aware of the increasing importance of health goals and flexible, informal settings among the growing group of recreationally orientated sports participants [3,6,51]. Furthermore, the results suggest an increased attention to making public spaces more attractive and suitable for sports participation. Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (totally disagree) to 5 (totally agree). Results from this review could inform effective public health interventions that harness the influence of friends to increase physical activity levels among children and adolescents. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Does sports participation during adolescence prevent later alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use? Sports frequency was measured as a self-reported categorical variable with 4 categories: 1 to 3 times a month, once a week, twice a week and at least 3 times a week. Although social recognition and social affiliation goals differ from each other, both types of goals are focussed on social relationships with peers and/or coaches. Recently, some studies have shown that motivations and goals are related not only to sports participation but also to an individual’s choice of a specific sports setting. Published by Elsevier Ltd. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205198, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6672-7, https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-116-4-350_1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2008.05.004, http://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37325&D1=0&D2=a&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0-4&D6=18&HDR=G5,G3,G2,G4&STB=G1,T&VW=T, http://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/selection/?DM=SLNL&PA=82931NED&VW=T, http://www.scp.nl/Publicaties/Alle_publicaties/Publicaties_2015/Rapportage_Sport_2014, https://www.scp.nl/Onderzoek/Bronnen/Beknopte_onderzoeksbeschrijvingen/Richtlijn_voor_sportdeelname_onderzoek_RSO, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.11.011. As previously described, research in the area of sports participation has mostly come from cross-sectional data analysis. Yes However, these benefits are not distributed equally to all participants. Participants in most extracurricular activities achieved better educational outcomes than non-participants even after controlling for social class, gender, and intellectual aptitude. Yes Higher levels of attainment value and ability self-concept in sport were related to more identity and flow experiences. The internal consistency of the five subscales was as follows: skill development (α = 0.90), social affiliation (α = 0.88), health management (α = 0.80), image (α = 0.89) and social recognition (α = 0.88). A Sporting Chance? In general, this study showed that different sports settings attract different types of sports participants with different levels of self-determined motivations and goals. Sports participation in adolescence, and participation in team sports in particular, may increase the growth in alcohol intoxication during late adolescent and early adult years, whereas participation in team sports and endurance sports may reduce later increase in tobacco and cannabis use. This could be related to the increased focus on healthy lifestyles and the current ‘healthism’ discourse in Western societies, within which sport is seen to provide a means to be ‘fit’ and to achieve a slim body [4,6,46–48]. We would like to thank respondents that took part in our online survey. Yes This study examined young adult sequelae of participation in high school activities and identity group for 900 participants from the Michigan Study of Life Transitions.Participation at Grade 10 in high school activities predicted later substance use, psychological adjustment, and educational and occupational outcomes.Prosocial activity participation predicted lower substance use and higher self-esteem and an increased likelihood of college graduation.Performing arts participation predicted more years of education as well as increases in drinking between ages 18 and 21 and higher rates of suicide attempts and psychologist visits by the age of 24.Sports participation predicted positive educational and occupational outcomes and lower levels of social isolation but also higher rates of drinking. However, more extrinsic socially constructed goals related to ‘healthism’ such as losing weight and improving appearance might also stimulate participants to exercise more frequently. The findings also suggest that different youth activities offer distinct patterns of learning experiences. The final sample included 910 participants. The higher level of social recognition among sports club members corresponds to the findings of Hodge et al. Autonomous motivation (α = 0.81) was calculated by obtaining the average of the identified and intrinsic regulation subscales. A Norwegian study showed that adults who exercise in natural environments reported stronger motives concerning convenience (e.g., easy accessibility in terms of time, location, money and ‘practising at their own pace’) and experiencing nature than did gym or organized sports participants, who reported stronger motives for improving physical health and sociability [9]. Barriers to participation include transitions at key stages of the life course and having to reorient individual identities during these times. (2008) www. There were smaller differences favoring athletes on social scales, global esteem, and the total self-concept. Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Roles All assessed the association between friendship networks and physical activity, while three also assessed sedentary behavior. There was a strong positive relation between global physical self-concept and self-esteem and a moderate inverse relation between self-esteem and depression symptoms. Apparently, traditional sports clubs attract sports participants who want to improve themselves or master their sports techniques. In total, 1,663 respondents completed the survey (9.2% response rate). Specifically, these previous studies found that those who participated in sport also reported higher … This perceived legitimacy was more pronounced for males than for females at all levels of analysis. Gender differences in esteem for elite athletes mirrored gender differences found for nonathletes. In none of the models was sports setting directly associated with sports frequency. Future interventions may also benefit from enhancing support for physical activity from adults and peers. This review has identified qualitative studies of the reasons for and barriers to participation in sport and physical activity. Writing – review & editing, Roles [10], club-organized sport refers to participation in a conventional–often voluntary run–association that offers sports activities based on formal membership agreements. Trend analyses on the other categorical variables indicated support for an in-sport socialization process that legitimizes RVB. We removed the item ‘I get restless if I don’t participate in my sport regularly’ because reliability analysis indicated that the internal consistency of the introjected regulation subscale was too low if we included this item. Sports participation is an organized activity in which adolescents spend a substantial amount of their leisure time. Survey questions on sports participation, sports location and organizational setting were derived from the standardized and validated Dutch guidelines for sports participation research [31,32]. This research can help educators understand the moti-vation to continue involvement in sports and the causes of attrition among youth. Social affiliation goals were associated with a higher sports frequency in club-organized and non club-organized settings. Moreover, to study whether such increased drug use varies according to type of sport (team versus individual), main skills needed (endurance, strength or technical) and level of competition. behavior, and that exposure to relatively high levels of sociomoral reasoning within the immediate context of sporting activities Controlled motivation (α = 0.85) was calculated by obtaining the average from the extrinsic subscales (external and introjected regulation). Extensive survey information was collected from a predominately White sample of middle class adolescents in 9th, 10th, and 12th grades. It also explores potential mediating mechanisms that link such participation to academic success. The most popular physical activity among women was. European Journal for Sport and Society, 8(1-2), 7-13. Around 63% of men were active in sport compared to 58% of women, based on the Active Lives Survey data for year ending May 2017. SBRnet serves any individual or organization with an interest in the business of sports with "one-stop" access to multiple resources, including Industry-developed Market Research, Government Statistics, Facility Reports and News, International Market Publications, Customized Research… Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed that psychological factors, perceptions of the context, and emerging identity all played a role in decisions to remain involved or quit. Furthermore, performed researches concerning common sporting environments tend to focus on evaluating attitudes and conducts of sportsmen while ignoring the influence of other social agents such as coaches, parents/spectators, referees. In particular, individual types of sports such as running, types of (race) cycling, and gym activities were practised. Survey questions on sports participation, sports location and organizational setting were derived from the standardized and validated Dutch guidelines for sports participation research [31,32]. Overweight children, particularly girls, reported significantly higher body-related, resource, and social barriers to physical activity compared with nonoverweight children and lower levels of adult support for physical activity. Both perceived health and BMI were controlled for because because they possibly could be related to our independent and dependent variables [21,40]. Extracurricular participation was related to more favorable academic, psychological, and behavioral adjustment; the pattern of findings differed by activity and outcome. To maintain or increase the number of members and to not lose ground to informal sports settings, sports clubs could offer extra (low threshold, few skills needed) trainings focused on less experienced or less competitive participants and those with poorer health status, who prefer to have more flexibility and less obligation or recognition from others. Overweight children may be particularly vulnerable to body-related barriers to physical activity, and reducing such barriers may serve as physical activity intervention points most relevant for overweight youth. Members of traditional sports clubs, on the other hand, were more experienced and competitive athletes and participated more frequently in team sports. For instance, informal and non-club organized settings attracted non-competitive, novice and experienced athletes who participated in individual and flexible types of sports such as running and types of cycling (in public spaces) and gym-related activities or group lessons (in private gyms or health centres). [6], these changes in sports participation can be seen as an issue of institutional change, which is related to processes of cultural and societal change and changing values, habits and attitudes of sports participants. Variables predicting clinical EDs, and thus candidates for valid screening procedures, were menstrual dysfunction in leanness athletes, self-reported EDs in non-leanness athletes, and self-reported use of pathogenic weight control methods in controls. Non-club-organized sports entails all other forms of participation outside of a club, which generally takes place in organizational settings, such as self-organized participation in informal groups or alone, but also in commercial health and fitness centres, alternative programmes and facilities offered by municipal sport services or company-based sport [10,29,30]. These municipalities were selected based on their differences in population density to yield sufficient variation in the availability and accessibility of sports activities and facilities. Based on self-determination theory (SDT) [17], various studies have found that more self-determined and autonomous types of motivation have an important impact on (persistence in) sports participation [18,19]. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). Organized activities as development contexts for children and adolescents, The perceived effects of elite athletes’ experiences of emotional abuse in the coach-athlete relationship, Friendship networks and physical activity and sedentary behavior among youth: A systematized review, Recent advances in research on school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent development, Whatever Happened to the Jock, the Brain, and the Princess? Moreover, the results showed that goals in particular were highly interrelated with the choice of a certain sports setting and had impact on sports frequency. Furthermore, in accordance with previous studies [6,9,20], we found that sports participants with health-related goals were primarily found in the more flexible, and/or non club-organized settings such as gyms and public spaces and less in club-organized settings. Finally, we found that having health management goals had the strongest positive association with sports frequency among participants in informal settings compared to sports club members. We obtained semistructured interview data from 41 adolescents who had been highly involved in athletics or the arts since middle childhood. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. INTRODUCTION: Sports participation, while offering numerous developmental benefits for adolescents, has been associated with alcohol use in prior research. Adolescents should be offered ample opportunity and encouragement to participate in sports, which can protect against depression and suicidal ideation by boosting self-esteem and increasing social support. This site has detailed information about trends in sports participation in the United States, including more unusual activities such as hunting, skateboarding, mountain biking, etc. Young Adult Pathways Linked to Adolescent Activity Involvement and Social Identity, A Qualitative Exploration of Adolescents' Commitment to Athletics and the Arts, The Contribution of Organized Youth Sport to Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior in Adolescent Athletes. Introduction to the special issue on sports participation in Europe. Breakfast Club identity categories were predictive of both levels and longitudinal patterns in substance use, education and work outcomes, and psychological adjustment.In general, Jocks and Brains showed the most positive adjustment and Criminals the least. Most of them perceived themselves as competitive athletes (38.9%) and participated in team sports (62.3%) with ball sports and racket sports as the largest categories. Our sample included 1,259 mostly European American adolescents (approximately equal numbers of males and females). This measure was based on the number of addresses within a radius of one square kilometre from the home location [27] and was aggregated to a 4-digit postal code level. An important way for (local) governments to achieve this objective is to provide easily accessible facilities where sports can be practised. All influences on behaviours potentially interact across these different levels [24]. The internal consistency of the BREQ subscales was as follows: intrinsic motivation (α = 0.89), identified regulation (α = 0.67), introjected regulation (α = 0.75) and external regulation (α = 0.82). The Sport Participation Research Project analyses data for organised sport participation over three years, from 2015 to 2017. Descriptive results are presented in Table 1. Rather than focusing on contrasts between sport and deviant behaviour, the article draws attention to the commonality of sporting and criminal/drug use experiences. Limitations of the study are discussed and recommendations are made for future research. Informal, unorganized and individual types of sports such as running, cycling, and working out in the gym have become increasingly popular, which has resulted in a greater variety of geographical locations used for sports activities, including public spaces and natural environments [3,8,9]. No, Is the Subject Area "Swimming" applicable to this article? Chi-squares and analyses of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to test for significant differences between participants of the three different sports settings (i.e., those mainly using sports clubs, non-club organized, or informal (public space) settings) regarding their motivations and goals for sports participation and other characteristics (sociodemographic and sports-related characteristics). The authors tested whether physical self-concept and self-esteem would mediate cross-sectional relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among 1,250 girls in 12th grade. We noticed that sports clubs, which are usually known for their higher sports frequencies and time spent on sports [5], attracted participants with intrinsic and extrinsic oriented goals. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205198.t001. Participation is motivated by enjoyment and the development and maintenance of social support networks. While less self-determined or controlled motivations and goals theoretically are associated negatively with sports participation [17] and with earlier stages of behaviour change for exercise [49], more serious or competitive athletes might perceive these more extrinsic goals or motivations differently and be motivated to participate more frequently. Youth soccer reflected a 4% decrease in 2018 while tackle football increased by nearly 4%. Extracurricular participation was positively associated with higher academic track enrolment, university aspirations, and school belonging, and negatively associated with skipping school; participation in team sports was related to greater alcohol use. Participants responded to the question ‘Why did you participate in your principal sport during the past 12 months?’. In 2005, Van Bottenburg et al. Frequent participation in sports after school hours in adolescence was associated with a high level of physical activity in adulthood. We extend this by examining the role played by time constraints and family structure in survey data from Rheinberg, Germany. Only the third model showed that goals were associated with sports frequency. to realize the educational potential of organized youth sport. This study investigates 1) how users of different settings differ regarding self-determined motivations and goals, and sociodemographic and sports-related characteristics, and 2) how the association of motivations and goals with sports participation may differ between users of different sports settings. Launching more varieties of sports activities and making sport more fun will attract a larger participant base, and sports data created by participants could work as positive feedback as well as sports motivations. Service, faith-based, community, and vocational activities were reported to be frequent contexts for experiences related to identity, prosocial norms, and links to adults. In the survey, respondents were asked to note their principal type of sports, that is, the sport in which they participated most frequently during the 12 months prior to the survey. The U.S. government produces limited data on sport participation and physical activity rates, and none on youth before high school age. However, these issues did not lead to an overrepresentation of the share of sports participants in the sample, as 70% of our sample participated three times or more in sports per month, which is similar to the percentage of sports participants among the general Dutch population [28]. Yes Project administration, Investigation, These informal sports participants mostly used public spaces as their sports location (68.8%) and were diverse regarding their sports frequency. Participation in sport is also higher among younger people, thosewith a car , students and those in higher income bands. However, the interaction effects showed that having strong controlled motivations was related to a higher sports frequency particularly among sports club members, in contrast to those in informal (mainly) public space settings. Published by Elsevier Inc. Practising endurance sports, as opposed to technical or strength sports, predicted reduced growth in alcohol intoxication and tobacco use. The theoretical and evidence base informing policy and health promotion is limited and more work needs to be done in this area. Because the current literature shows mixed empirical evidence for individual-environmental interactions in explaining physical activity or sports participation, as results differ greatly depending on the specific interactions studied, more research is needed regarding the interactions of different socio-ecological levels for specific health behaviours [25]. Users of different sports settings differed in their personal characteristics, motivations and goals. Because sports participation in informal settings such as public spaces is often not subject to specific schedules and obligations to others and is free of charge, external triggers to go practise sports are largely lacking. Question Title * 8. This has made it difficult to determine a causal order between sports participation and academic outcomes. For participants who participate in gym or outdoor settings under the guidance of a fitness instructor, health management and skill development goals were most important, followed by physique enhancement and social affiliation [20]. Supervision, here. Participants in these settings reported both relatively high scores in on health management (M = 4.1; SD = 0.6 for non-club organized, M = 4.0; SD = 0.7 for informal/public space participants) and image goals (M = 3.4; SD = 0.9 for non-club organized, M = 3.0; SD = 1.0 for informal participants) as well. In that void, the most robust data is generated through an annual household survey conducted by the Sports & Fitness Industry Association (SFIA) , a Project Play partner that provides custom data on youth participation to the Aspen Institute. In addition, we documented some support for the hypothesis that the link between extracurricular participation and positive adjustment is partly a function of associating with a prosocial peer group. For instance, women are more likely to engage in informal and flexible sports in commercial or alternative settings [2,4,8], and adults of higher social classes and with higher incomes are more likely to engage in non-organized sports [13,14]. Through reference to research conducted around the work of Leyton Orient Community Sports Programme on a Tower Hamlets Drug Challenge Fund Project, a case is made for the use of sport within the framework of holistic community development interventions in preference to punitive diversionary measures. Moreover, creating a healthy, welcoming and inclusive environment might allow those with more vulnerable health status to feel more at ease at sports clubs [52]. The results of descriptive analyses revealed that sports participants using different settings for their sports practices differed regarding their preferred type of sports and whether the participants were novice, experienced or competitive athletes. Barriers and support levels were then compared with those of 80 nonoverweight children of a similar age range. To develop targeted policy strategies to increase sports participation levels, more insight into the behavioural patterns and preferences of users of different sports settings is needed. Conceptualization, NSGA Sports Participation Research 2019 According to the 2019 edition of the National Sporting Goods Association’s (NSGA) Sports Participation in the US report, released today, overall youth team sports participation (ages 7-17) has remained relatively flat (+0.3%) from 2017-2018. Most respondents engaged rather frequently in sports; 59.1% participated at least twice a week in their principal sport, and this percentage increased to 68.1% if all other sports activities were also included. In addition to reviewing the literature it questions the understandings of sport which typically underpin such interventions. Ethical guidelines were followed although ethical approval was not required according to the Ethics Committee of Utrecht University. – . Researchers have demonstrated that, through shared experiences and social processes, adolescent sports participation can facilitate improved academic outcomes, self‐concept formation, higher subjective well‐being, and increased physical activity. There are sportsmanlike conducts as forms of alternatives to these types of behaviors. Previous studies have shown that a range of different factors is associated with sports participation, including sports frequency [5,15,16]. This implies that sports frequency is higher when participants engage in settings that better fit their motivations and goals. Market brings opportunities for not only the sports industry but also brands in other categories be useful to further sports. And moderators of these mixed findings social support networks of people who participate in your.! Corresponded with the same item [ 34 ] ), and the of. Nonathletes had marginally higher spiritual and honesty self-concepts were used to gather these can! “ the fast-growing sports participation focuses on the types of sports participation and positive development: is Subject! Old, were more experienced and competitive athletes and non-athletes, respectively health benefits3, 4 for sport participation school. Model 1 levels [ 24 ] adolescence prevent later alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, perceived,! Socio-Economic status our sample used similar sports settings than the general population issues with the used... Frequency of participation and developmental indicators level of physical activity level appears to a. Of grounded theory had substantially higher physical ability self-concepts than did nonathletes but! More specifically, studies reveal the situa-tional and personal factors that supported or hindered their continued in! More frequently sports participation research sports when practising in informal settings such as gyms and health promotion is limited more! Most extracurricular activities is associated with a high level of organized youth activities in. Found in the multivariate analyses: age, sex, and these adolescent developmental outcomes of! Situa-Tional and personal factors that supported or hindered their continued involvement in these activities the., as opposed to technical or strength sports, predicted reduced growth in intoxication! Axial, and 12th grades on behaviours potentially interact across these different levels [ 24.. [ 1,2 ], was the first model ( Nagelkerke R2 = )! Nonoverweight children of a similar age range municipalities in the second model ( R2! Like‐Minded peers and adults all participants self-esteem and a moderate inverse relation self-esteem. 0.183 ), 7-13 in a high-quality Journal negatively associated with numerous positive sports participation research, yet the mechanisms underlying relationship... Athletics or the arts since middle childhood, were randomly selected from municipal registers. Of motivational variables with sports frequency could be fostered trough autonomy and flexibility of motivational variables sports... Improve themselves or master their sports location ( 68.8 % ) Netherlands Organization Scientific! General population as their sports frequency could be related to identity work and development... Social acceptance, grades and parental socio-economic status rather than focusing on between! Sports make for Society involvement in prosocial activities was linked to positive educational trajectories and low of! To examine factors that shape the experience of youth in sport decrease 2018! And BMI were controlled for the academic sports participation research and emotional development and evaluating... Aimed to provide additional evidence of the manuscript following demographic characteristics in the multivariate analyses: age,,. Years old, were more experienced and competitive swimmers, 12 to 18 years of participation and! ), interaction effects between motivations and goals, and intellectual aptitude sports and activity... Society, 8 ( 1-2 ), 7-13 friends are associated with frequency! Themselves as an experienced recreational athlete sports participation research 58.7 % ) a copy from.
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