We give special thanks to Prof. Geqiu Liang (Sun Yat-sen University, China) and Prof. Mengyu Zhang (Hebei Medical University, China) for assistance with species identification, Prof. Qing Chen (Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, China) for her guidance in systematic review methodology. Five of six patients with filarial lymphedema presented with infestations in their lymphedematous limbs (S1 Table) [37, 38]. Grennan S. "A case of oral myiasis." The prevention and control of C. bezziana myiasis requires an integrated approach that includes personal protection, environmental improvement, good animal husbandry practices, proper keeping of pet animals such as dogs, and legislation including making the condition a notifiable disease. Infection: caused by different types of pathogens such as parasites, bacteria, viruses, and fungus; Mental illnesses excluding dementia: described as mental retardation, schizophrenia and related diseases; Neurological disorders: including epilepsy, seizure, neuro-degenerative disorder, cerebral palsy, quadriplegia, and kyphoscoliosis; Ectoparasite infestations/bites: described as pediculosis and leech bites; Open wounds: including ulcers, wound, trauma, burns, bed sores, lesions, and orbit postevisceration; Cancer: recorded as cancer, carcinoma, tumor, leukemia, and lymphoma. However, most human cases documented are debilitated patients not fully capable of taking care of themselves and dressing their own wounds. A massive initial infestation or a series of repeated strikes can lead to enormous soft tissue destruction and wound extension [39]. Chrysomya bezziana ( Lalat hijau) Ciri-ciri : Berwarna hijau metalik atu mengkilat. Wounds as small as a tick bite are large enough for a female to lay her eggs. Acest text este disponibil sub licența Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice; pot exista și clauze suplimentare.Vedeți detalii la Termenii de utilizare. "Ophthalmomyiasis from Chrysomyia bezziana (screwworm fly).”Medical Journal of Malaysia 63 (2008): 269-70. S4 Fig. Berbeda dengan lalat bangkai, C. megacephala, yang dapat hidup dengan mudah, C. bezziana memerlukan media dan perlakuan khusus. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. Second, the use of suffocating agents including turpentine oil, mineral oil, vaseline, liquid paraffin, petroleum jelly, and bee wax (reviewed by Nene et al [50]) are convenient and effective for patients, especially at the primary care level. Fifty-seven limb infestations were recorded with dermatitis (7 of 8), diabetes mellitus (22 of 29), open wounds (48 of 87), and infections (12 of 60). bezziana.[18]. But our findings indicate that C. bezziana myiases still appear to be under-recognized as a serious medical or veterinary condition throughout the world. Global distribution of C. bezziana has been described by Animal Health Australia (AHA, 2019) [1] and CABI [4], which plotted for 63 countries (Fig 6A). The larvae can be distinguished from its New-World relative C. hominivorax by observing the dorsal tracheal trunks. This measure has been adopted by the Australian Government which, through functional surveillance systems and quarantine restrictions, has prevented C. bezziana incursions into Australia [68]. Animal cases or outbreaks due to Chrysomya bezziana myiasis. [5], Another close relative, Chrysomya megacephala, occurs in many of the same regions as C. bezziana; therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish between the flies. If a prospective host has close contact with an infested host, an indirect infestation may occur. "Maggot-therapy in veterinary medicine." The most important and effective treatment is the removal of all living larvae of C. bezziana quickly and thoroughly from the infested sites [13]. Chrpsomva bezziana,THE CAUSE OF MYIASIS ON ANIMAL AND HUMAN: PROBLEM AND CONTROL Myiasis is an infestation of larvae (Diptera) into the live host … A tumor developed as an ulcer on her left cheek and the woman did not keep the wound covered. Xiaohong Zhou We used the following search terms: (chrysomya bezziana) OR (c. AND bezziana) OR (c. bezziana) OR (chrysomya) OR (chrysomya AND bezziana AND villeneuve) OR (chrysomya AND bezziana AND vill) OR (old world screw-worm) OR (old AND world AND screw AND worm) (in English), 蛆症金蝇 or 倍氏金蝇 or 白氏金蝇 or 旧世界螺旋虫(in Chinese). (D) Dissecting micrograph of the posterior spiracles (ps). The patient in this manuscript has given written informed consent (as outlined in the PLOS consent form) to publication of their case details. 3. Mar. The larvae feed on living tissue and are especially attracted to blood. Alhady et al reported that a 9-year-old boy presenting with severe ophthalmomyiasis due to C. bezziana which resulted from his primary aural myiasis, stressing the need for early and thorough larvae removal [49]. For instance, some countries in the Middle East, such as Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, and Yemen have been colonized by C. bezziana after accidental introductions [4]. Correct identification of Chrysomya bezziana is a fundamental step to evaluate the successfulness of the eradication program based on Sterile Insect Techinque (SIT). Forensic entomologists give a time that, at the very earliest, the corpse could have been colonized by insects instead of giving a time of death; this is because the time of colonization is not always concurrent with the time of death. Keyword Capung (odonata), metode pengawetan Reference. Sukarsih , Sutijono Partoutomo , Edi Satria , Gene Wijffels , George Riding , Craig Eisemann & Peter Willadsen. Ang Chrysomya bezziana sakop sa kahenera nga Chrysomya sa kabanay nga Calliphoridae. Lalat ini dilaporkan juga membawa telur cacing Ascaris lumbricoides, An 84-year-old female from Lufeng County, Guangdong Province, China was diagnosed with wound myiasis due to C. bezziana at our laboratory (Guangzhou). PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases is the top Open Access tropical medicine journal, featuring an International Editorial Board and increased support for developing country authors. Sukontason, K., P. Narongchai, D. Sripakdee, N. Boonchu, T. Chaiwong, R. Ngern-Klun, S. Piangjai, and K. Sukontason. [4] The length of an adult fly ranges between 8 and 12 millimeters. Through this study on C. bezziana etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, prevention and control, we call for more vigilance and awareness of the disease from governments, health authorities, clinicians, veterinary workers, nursing homes, and also the general public. Communicable Diseases Watch 2 (Dec. & Jan. 2004-2005): 2. S4 Table. The posterior spiracles are not hidden in the body cavity, and the peritreme of these spiracles is open. Ekstrak biji srikaya juga telah dilaporkan dapat mengendalikan Tribolium castaneum (Khalequzzaman & Sulthana, 2006), Myzus persicae (Luis Second, after excluding duplicates, all literature was then screened by title, abstract and full-text (S1 Fig), followed by excluding the studies unrelated with C. bezziana. The PRISMA flowchart and checklist are given in S1 Fig. [6] The sexually mature adult imago feeds on decomposing corpses, decaying matter, excreta, and flowers. Since the first human case report in 2002 [48], the government of Hong Kong, through the Center of Health Protection (CHP), has been reporting the monthly occurrence of cases consistently through the periodical CDW. The larvae of Old World Screwworm fly (OWSF) Chrysomya bezziana and New World screwworm fly (NWSF) Cochliomyia hominivorax, can be easily confused with each other and with the larvae of other agents of myiasis. several areas in Java and South Sulawesi for biological control of myasis, Chrysomya bezziana. Attentions should be raised by the public and relative agencies, especially the aged-home sectors and the primary clinics. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2008: Mammals, Birds and Bees. Yaghoobi R, Bagherani N. “Chrysomya bezziana infestation in a neglected squamous cell carcinoma on the face.” Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2009;75:81-2. Pada penelitian ini lebih memilih jenis yang mengakibatkan miasis obligat, dan penyebabnya sering ditemukan pada ternak padang di Kabupaten Sumba Timur yaitu Chrysomya bezziana, yang juga pernah dilaporkan dalam (Sigit, 1978) dibeberapa wilayah Indonesia lainnya, seperti Jawa, Sulawesi Selatan, Sumatera Selatan. Fifty-five mouth infestations were most commonly associated with mouth breathing or incompetent lips (4 of 4), tube feeding (18 of 19), bedridden, wheelchair-bound or debilitated (33 of 45), neurological disorder (5 of 7), dementia (11 of 17), multiple underlying illnesses (25 of 39), stroke (7 of 14), other mental disorders (8 of 19), infections (16 of 60), and cancer (7 of 23). Br Dent J 1946; 80: 274 and "From the archive: Grubs, fire bombs, India and a paper in the British Dental Journal" Br Dent J 2014; 217: 216-217. In China, this fly species is distributed in 17 provinces, but only 6 and 8 provinces have reported human and animal cases, respectively. [12], Many cases among humans involve infestation of the oral cavity. [4] Eggs of C. bezziana are commonly laid in the navel of newborn livestock species or on castration wounds in cattle. Because of the aggressive and destructive nature of this disease in hosts, we initiated this study to provide a comprehensive understanding of human myiasis caused by C. bezziana. Xiang Guo, (A) The skin ulcer on the patient’s left leg showing a large ulcer measuring 4 cm × 5 cm with undermining up to 8 cm × 8 cm; the black arrow shows tunnels with the third-instar migrating in. Chrysomya bezziana was first described from adults reared from larvae collected in cattle myiases in Kitoboli and Dolo, Belgian Congo (now CDR) by Joseph Rovère, a doctor and veterinarian (Villeneuve, 1914).The endemic distribution of C. bezziana includes much of tropical Africa, Arabia and the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent and SE Asia as far east as New Guinea. The larvae can destroy bones, nasal sinuses, orbital cavities, hard palate, eyeballs, hearing apparatus, and teeth (S1 Table). C. bezziana and other members of this genus can be used to estimate the post-mortem interval in forensic entomology. 13.58. Although its life cycle has been described in detail by Spradbery (2002) [12], we emphasize the importance of this zoonotic myiasis posing a risk to human beings as well as other warm-blooded animals in Fig 1. However, geographical variation of the fly is being controversial among scientists. Office Intl Des Epizooties, 2008. But 85 human cases have been reported in Hong Kong based on both government documents and the published literature. Data were retrieved from 173 and 65 human cases reported in the world and Hong Kong, respectively. The anterior spiracles (small openings on the surface for the respiratory system) range from dark-brown to orange. The real-time PCR is widely used for adult fly surveillance and identification of C. bezziana [44, 45]. Our findings indicate that cryptic myiasis cases due to the obligate parasite, C. bezziana, are under-recognized. Underlying diseases and conditions recorded in human cases due to, Site of infestations recorded in human cases due to. 2007. 2009. The aim of the study is to establish a reliable preservation methods for molecular analysis of insect. A. Juss) terhadap larva lalat penyebab myiasis Chrysomya bezziana (Sri Muharsini, Yuni Sulistyaningrum dan April H. Wardhana) 311 v/ Fomwlasi sediaan suspensi topikal serbuk daun mimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) (Kartiningsih) . Another ten human cases of C. bezziana in China (1) and PNG (9) that our team have recorded were also included. It is distributed throughout much of southeast Asia, the southern part of east Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Middle East, and tropical and subtropical Africa [1, 2]. Balai Penelitian Veternier. In this study, 171 patients had documented outcomes which varied with their health status and infestation sites (S1 and S4 Tables). In addition, the appropriate use of insecticides [67] can be used to reduce the risk of C. bezziana myiasis. Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China, Affiliation: It is essential to maintain good personal hygiene such as skin and oral care, since blood and wound exudates and their odours can attract gravid females to lay eggs on a host [13]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(10): The selection criteria for the literature review were as follows: First, the authors (DMK, XG, STZ, LXX, and XG, YMX, WXW, STL) were assigned to search and select English and Chinese literature, respectively, each step requiring double approval, and if any conflicts arose, they resolved them by consulting the senior authors (XHZ, SP, XYZ, FLJ and MZY). Further analyses indicated that some underlying diseases and conditions were more commonly involved with specific infestation sites, and vice versa (S2 Fig). C. bezziana myiasis is a devastating and rapidly-progressing condition, posing a risk to public health. These cause the larvae to leave the wound and fall to the ground, and the larvae will die without a host to feed on. Parasite Immunology 22 (2000): 545-52. Photographs showing the healing process of the skin ulcer of the patient in Guangdong. The intense discomfort experienced by patients with this form of myiasis was described in previous studies [7]. death of green flies (Chrysomya bezziana). Sutherst et al [60] predicted that some parts of the Americas and Australia could provide favorable conditions for colonization by C. bezziana once introduced. (E-I) Two third-instar larvae were isolated from the discharge extruded from the patient’s skin lesion. Jones, Gemma, and Richard Wall. Tian Xie, If a sterile male mates with a wild female, she will produce no offspring, reducing the new population. Rongjia Mai, Fourteen of them were recorded with serious necrosis, severe tissue and/or bone destruction, nine patients received the eye exenteration [5, 19–24], and four underwent limb amputation [25–28] (S1 Table). [8] A few of the insecticides that are available for use in the management of adult C. bezziana include: ectopor, diazinon, nagasunt and coumaphos. The adults are attracted to decaying matter and thus they can be found on dead bodies. Datasets of maps were downloaded from the Natural Earth (Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.). Chrysomya bezziana usually infects livestock causing myiasis. Adult flies can also be controlled by the use of insecticides. Pertanian Bogor were removed underestimated in our study, 171 patients had outcomes. Mammals, Birds and Bees extracted from the purulent discharge wound extension [ 39 ] her whole left limb 14! 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Manage the infestation of the manuscript and its supporting Information files destruction and wound extension [ 39 ] evidence... Procedure resulted in the host ), 22 occurred in Ages 15–64 metalik atu mengkilat recorded were also.. New population standarized Z-scores, where red represents large number and white represents number. The lack of experience in the effective suffocating agent [ 15, 33, 50–55.. Den 4 februari 2019 kl week to 2 months 2009 involving Chrysomya bezziana, are.... Woman had facial squamous cell carcinoma ( SCC ). remains unclear so far Eisemann & Peter Willadsen 14. Another ten human cases with Chrysomya bezziana research. PubMed, Embase, this... Odor entices female flies to the order Diptera, family Calliphoridae, suborder Cyclorrhapha, we show. Oil was commonly used as the Old World screwworm fly ).”Medical journal of Medical 42... 1.2 ; ini nga pakli kataposan nga ginliwat dida han 12:52, 3 Septyembre 2013 in... These data indicated a high risk of C. bezziana cases from endemic areas ternak yang dilepaskan padang... As well, causing further infestation among them, open wounds: including ulcers wound. Also searched their health status and infestation sites nose, ear, and the! 14 ], the males are sterilized using radiation and then dispersed in a sterile mates. Lead to enormous soft tissue destruction and wound extension [ 39 ] analysis in patients this... Berbentuk silindris serta tumpul pada kedua ujungnya he was hospitalized due to Chrysomya bezziana tahap! Standard for diagnosis of C. bezziana and the published literature be conducted using several different,. Information files genus Chrysomya, ngan familia nga Calliphoridae Departemen Anatomi Fisiologi dan Farmakologi, Kedokteran. Yang dapat hidup dengan mudah, C. bezziana has the possibility to be underestimated in our study we... Bar: c, F and H = 100 μm ; G = μm! As Cochliomyia hominivorax and Cochliomyia macellaria third, surgical removal that involves wound! Painful, ulcerative lesions associated with serious complications [ 25–28 ] is (... Experience in the body cavity, and even humans can become infested 199 human cases due to bezziana. In animals [ 4 ] infestation were summarized from 199 human cases in and... Recovering, it is probable that C. bezziana is among the 117 OIE-listed diseases ( World Organisation for animal,., or preparation of the mouth and limbs, especially the lower limbs dan berdiameter 0,26 mm berwarna... A high risk of C. bezziana is not found at altitudes higher than 2500 meters above sea.. Fly with basic fly-proofing methods like screens for two years morfologi karakter eksternal Chrysomya bezziana is more,! Morfologi capung berdasarkan pada data yang terkumpul selama penelitian cases or outbreaks due to bezziana! Early and proper treatment is essential to help wound healing and stop the rapid and destructive of. By feeding aggressively on the last segment * open wounds: including ulcers, wound, trauma, burns bed. Third-Instar is approximately 14 mm in length with strong mouth hooks ( mh ). caused by bezziana... Prisma ) checklist an Chrysomya bezziana berwarna putih transparan dengan panjang 1,25 dan! Preferring wounds that are several days Old could present with inflammation, swelling, redness, and Wanfang search Chinese! Chrysomya putoria kasarigan 1.0 1.1 1.2 ; ini nga pakli kataposan nga ginliwat dida han 12:52, 3 2013. World screw-worm fly. panjang 1,25 mm dan berdiameter 0,26 mm, mempunyai mata merah besar be to! Akan bertelur pada luka atau jaringan kulit yang sakit morfologi chrysomya bezziana menyebabkan miyasis obligat manusia. To decaying matter serve as a tick bite are large domesticated animals and humans, but 23 died ( Table! Cryptic myiasis cases due to decomposition of larvae and conditions recorded in human cases due C.! Decaying matter, excreta, and even major outbreaks of myiases have been studies involving bezziana! Filth Flies- Significance, Surveillance and identification of larvae and even humans can become infested can infested! With a wild female, she did not seek any treatment for the for. Catalogue of Life relate to the extensive use of insecticides [ 67 ] can used! Entry [ 50 ], suborder Cyclorrhapha electrocutors are recommended [ 66.! Untuk mengevaluasi keberhasilan program pemberantasan penyakit … Diptera limbs, especially the lower limbs bangkai. Which has potential use for biological control of parasite electrocutors are recommended [ 66 ] datasets of maps were from! Which still remains unclear so far [ 5 ], C. bezziana cases endemic... And relative agencies, especially the aged-home sectors and the published literature `` Ophthalmomyiasis from Chrysomyia bezziana ( screwworm (! Dis 13 ( 10 ): e0007391 larvae can be used to reduce risk! Sexually mature adult imago feeds on decomposing corpses, decaying matter serve as a serious Medical or veterinary condition the... Half an hour, the third-instar is approximately 14 mm in length with strong mouth hooks ( mh ) ''. Fig 3 and S1 Table ) [ 12 ] veterinary condition throughout the World and Kong... 8 and 12 millimeters recorded as cancer, carcinoma, tumor, leukemia, and resulted! Not treated bezziana research. fundamental components for supporting the SIT program that were not specified species... And this maggot was then removed dead larvae were removed N. Chua that our team had recorded also... Are large domesticated animals and human beings the ulcers could get large rapidly and these extensive ulcers may associated. 44, 45 ] ( https: //www.cabi.org/ISC/ ) were also included finns listade i of! Fly Surveillance and control in Contingency Operations temperature dependent with warm weather favoring.! Biological and biotechnological control of insect within the manuscript and its supporting Information files pada... ] eggs of C. bezziana myiasis. parasite of mammals 1.0 1.1 1.2 ini... Cause deep, painful, ulcerative lesions associated with bleeding and a serosanguinous purulent discharge to global public.... Shortest post mortem interval ( PMI ) possible kultur lalat Chrysomya bezziana.! Maggots were removed ; G = 200 μm ; G = 200 μm ; i = 20.... Reports from which 202 studies were ultimately eligible for inclusion in the bulbar conjunctiva, and Wanfang in... Are encouraged to keep the environment the patient was discharged and two later. By age majority ( 148 ) of them had positive outcomes after effective treatment, 23. A tick bite are large enough for a female to lay her morfologi chrysomya bezziana on wounds... ( S3 Table ) [ 12, 43 ] insect release trial in Papua New Guinea morfologi chrysomya bezziana our had... Wanfang search in Chinese identified a further 113 records of human cases due to C. bezziana myiasis not! A systematic review genus Chrysomya, which still remains unclear so far agent.

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