endstream endobj 234 0 obj <>stream Table 2 presents the results of the bivariate analyses between anemia and the exposure variables, including PRFT. Background: Food taboo is contributing substantially to malnutrition for pregnant women by restricting and limiting the frequency and variety of foods most of which are nutritious and easily accessible. Lancet. There is low awareness among Ethiopian women about the pregnancy-related changes in nutrient demand and the dietary recommendations to meet the changing demands [7]. Riang’a RM, Broerse J, Nangulu AK. The comprehensive adjustment for various factors might have minimized the possibility that the observed association was confounded. The progress of maternal anemia reduction has been slow and less promising globally [1]. 2017;12(9):e0184742. The project was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03251664. Food insecurity is a situation that exists when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life [].Several studies conducted to access the status of household food insecurity in Ethiopia show that the nutrition … ��]����4�/��L1L�5��W���;�d��G�e�X�L�G���Y�Cy��� _��T����B�_+e�aב�H �)R#�H4C��������Y�(�4���0�$�+,CJ1�@�@�@b�ÈQW m�@� ��J$3[ ��$Vob�il5�`Q,�T6oQ����x�>X��ǫ`a�ǫp��I����r~LFaN�S�f-��$\�q�����ԋ\Z��@qbX���E�� h��p�Ö���S�-���ü���%N�:�G3� 羾z�t%R� The flesh of animals with uncloven hoofs and those that do not chew their cud are avoided as unclean. A food taboo acknowledged by a particular group or tribe as part of their ways, aids in the cohesion of the group, helps that particular … However, because eating meat raw is unsafe, we did not consider its avoidance as a taboo or PRFT. In general, Ethiopian women are already at higher risks of complicated pregnancy [7], maternal mortality, and anemia [4]. PRFT might be contributing to the burden of maternal anemia in Ethiopia. The proportion of Anemia associated with Iron deficiency in low, medium, and high human development index countries: a systematic analysis of National Surveys. In Ethiopia, several studies reported the existence of pervasive pregnancy-related food taboos and myths, which might be contributing to the burden of maternal anemia in the country [18,19]. Other species such as ducks, geese, turkeys, pigeons, quails, etc. It would be of great nutritive value, because of the content of calcium, iron Thus, the strength of the PRFT-anemia association may change by the specific food items avoided as hematologic response to food varies by the type of food item. Guide to travel, doing business, and studying in Ethiopia - culture, greetings, gestures, etiquette, taboos, negotiations, gift-giving, and more. Green chili pepper, organ meat, and dark green leafy vegetables were the most avoided food items, with the reasons for the avoidance being largely traditionally held myths and misinformation. BACKGROUND The nutritional status of women before and during pregnancy can be determined by maternal knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions towards certain foods. Thus, it is time for the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia to consider food taboo as a public health challenge and design appropriate interventions. This might be due to the poor integration of nutrition services with the existing health care system in the country. Follow Us A community … The origin of these prohibitions and commandments is varied. First, our analysis did not take into account the adherence and duration of the iron supplement use. Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica. The practice of food taboo is high in developing countries though there is inconsistency on which food is considered as tabooed and the attached reason from society to society. The impact of food taboos – often because of religion – is understudied. statement and The study was case-control in design and recruited a sample of 592 pregnant women attending antenatal care in four health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, religious fasting by Orthodox Christians is assumed to be an important impediment for the sustainable development of a competitive dairy sector METHODS A qualitative, cross-sectional study, involving 38 … Almost a fifth of the study participants (18.2%) avoided one or more food items due to PRFT. Following the World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline [12], the Hb measures were adjusted for the mean altitude of the study area. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. current age, educational status (measured by the highest education completed, and categorized into primary and below, secondary, tertiary and above), religion (categorized into Orthodox Christian, Muslim, others), and income (assessed by the average household monthly income and ranked into three categories: low, middle, high income categories). After controlling for covariates, PRFT was significantly and independently associated with a higher odds of anemia [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32–3.42, P = 0.002]. 2016;8(11):693. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. 2011;24(1):1–24. These are the 15 best dishes -- from tibs (pan-fried sliced beef or lamb) to fuul (stewed and spiced fava beans). Thus, food items not consumed by the individual before becoming pregnant were not considered in the PRFT classification. Recent waves of migration have seen large groups of Ethiopian refugees moving to countries around the globe. poor dietary quality due to taboo. habits, food taboos, and cultural beliefs that can affect nutrition during pregnancy in rural Arsi, central Ethiopia. The dataset used and analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request. A third of the participants reported that they used to eat raw meat before becoming pregnant, but not eating currently due to fear of harming the fetus. Part of Thus, in this study, we aimed to determine the magnitude (prevalence) of adherence to PRFT, the reasons for the adherence to PRFT, and the extent of association of adherence to PRFT with anemia status of pregnant Ethiopian women. Religiously, 73.8% of the study participants were Orthodox Christians and 20% Muslims. The proportion of low and middle-income individuals was higher among the anemic women than the non-anemic women (P <  0.001). Correspondence to This paper examined briefly the background to food taboos and food habits. Background Several studies conducted to access the status of household food insecurity in Ethiopia show that the nutrition problem is still highly prevalent especially in pregnant women and children. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03251664, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.PRG.ANEM, https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR328/FR328.pdf, http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85839, http://www.moh.gov.et/es/web/guest/fact-sheets, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0444-4. Thus, it is time for the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia to consider food taboo as a public health challenge and design … Gebre-Medhin M, Killander A, Bahlquist B, Wuhib E. Rarity of anaemia of pregnancy in Ethiopia. In many local communities, pregnant women have food taboos with consequent depletion of vital nutrients. 2015 Ethiopia Southwest: Oromia Cross sectional 312 Cultural malpracticesduring pregnancy: food taboos, abdominal massage , home delivery, cutting cord by uncleanblade, avoiding, colostrum, washing baby immediately after delivery 2012 Ethiopia: Afar Cross sectional: qualitative 21- In depth 6 FGD Effect of Cultural … Cookies policy. Blood samples from each study participants were taken and examined by the health professionals of the health facilities. The origin of these prohibitions and commandments is varied. PRFT was the main exposure variable of interest in this study. Some studies have shown that iron deficiency is not a major problem in Ethiopia [19, 21, 23]. ETHIOPIAN PREGNANCY FOOD TABOOS baby with discoloured skin, abortion and stillbirth. food taboos because they are thought to make a person sick, is also the basis for the many food taboos affecting pregnant women. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2009, 5:18–18. The rise was even more marked among neonates and infants [4]. If you’re traveling to Africa, here’s everything you need to know about cultural etiquette in Ethiopia. Daba G, Beyene F, Fekadu H, Garoma W. Assessment of knowledge of pregnant mothers on maternal nutrition and associated factors in Guto Gida Woreda, east Wollega zone, Ethiopia. 2018;93(1):E12–6. This study was conducted in 2018 main harvesting season with the principal objective to assess the level of food consumption score and associated factors among pregnant women attending … These food taboos and habits have great impact on the health of the Nigerian community. Contrary, comprehensive documentation of the products, associated knowledge, and their sociocultural roles is incomplete. RELATED FOOD TABOOS AND MYTHS (PRFT) IN ETHIOPIA. Food beliefs and practices among the Kalenjin pregnant women in rural Uasin Gishu County. Food taboos have great effect on pregnant women through prohibited essential food and/or drinks. Based on their adherence to PRFT, the study participants were categorized into yes (adhering to PRFT) or no (not adhering to any PRFT). Thus, PRFT might be among the factors contributing to the burden of maternal anemia in Ethiopia. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was presumed to be the main driver of the global burden of anemia. 2015. http://www.moh.gov.et/es/web/guest/fact-sheets. This study has important policy implications. The odds of anemia was also significantly higher during the third trimester, compared to the first trimester (AOR = 1.44, 95%CI = 0.95–2.20, P <  0.001). Google Scholar. The food taboos found in the Old Testament are observed by most people as the Ethiopian Orthodox Church prescribes them. }ib��k�%KݣsϽ�}�H!��N��(���*�5t!M~�@�&�2M�J ia�N���W�p��հ��a?i�}. We also found that PRFT was independently associated with a significantly higher odds of anemia. The items most avoided were green chili pepper, organ meat, and dark green leafy vegetables, which were avoided by 16.7 15.7, and 13.0% of the participants, respectively. However, contrary to what could be expected, the recent years have seen an increasing trend in the prevalence of maternal anemia in Ethiopia, rising from 17% in 2011 to 24% in 2016 [4]. The classification of the participants into the low, middle and high-income categories was done by the relative position or ranking of the individual compared to the other individuals included in the study. ŸqԢw�Z�� Fruits and vegetables which are highly nutrient dense are also limited. Ahmad Esmaillzadeh. We did not collect data on the pattern of food replacement due to the PRFT. This is of concern as Ethiopian women are at risk of a number of medical and … It is transferred from generation to generation and has negative effect on pregnant mothers' health.Objective. Alkorta-Aranburu G, Beall CM, Witonsky DB, Gebremedhin A, Pritchard JK, Di Rienzo A. In the second trimester, there were more non-anemic individuals than anemic individuals (38.3% versus 10.7%, P <  0.001). J Clin Nurs. Food taboos have an effect on nutritional status of children and women in Ethiopia. Thus, based on the MUAC measures, the nutrition status of the participants was classified into wasted (MUAC < 23 cm) and normal (MUAC ≥23 cm) [14]. Abstract: A cross-sectional study assessing the prevalence of food taboos during pregnancy, types of foods prohibited and the associations of some of the socioeconomic parameters to food taboos, was carried out in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Google Scholar. METHODS: A search of the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Academic Search Premier databases for the keywords Ethiopian, pregnancy, food and taboos was conducted in the research literature published from 1998-2015. Notwithstanding that, there are many plausible explanations for the finding. 2012;8(12):e1003110. Thus, it stands important for health facilities in Ethiopia to consider integrating nutrition care and support with the existing system. Besides, the participating health facilities were informed about the study and the study participants provided written consent of participation in the study and sharing of findings based on the information collected. There was no significant difference between the anemic individuals and the non-anemic individuals by gravidity, pregnancy interval, iron supplement use, intestinal parasites, chronic illness, and hygiene (P > 0.05). For example, avoiding pork was not considered as PRFT as it was also a generally prohibited item by the community. The extent of the practice, as well as the specific food items avoided, varies from one community to another community. Dietary habits, food taboos, and perceptions towards weight gain during pregnancy in Arsi, rural central Ethiopia: a qualitative cross-sectional study. Estimates show that 40% of pregnant women were anemic in the year 2016, declining by only three percentage points from the figure in 1990 (43% prevalence) [3]. The UN's food agency has started distributing food in Ethiopia's conflict-hit Tigray region, according to David Beasley, the head of the World Food Programme (WFP). Wasting (MUAC < 23 cm) was more prevalent in the anemic individuals than in the non-anemic individuals (36.9% versus 23.5%, P = 0.001). Background: A food considered as a taboo is strictly forbidden, for health, cultural or spiritual reasons. The cases were recruited sequentially unless they were excluded due to any of the predefined exclusion conditions. The impact of food taboos – often because of religion – is understudied. 2015;373(5):485–6. J Clin Nurs. Food Taboos and the Ethiopian Christian Community (13th-18th Centuries)", Annales d’Éthiopie, vol. For example, nutritionist or dieticians are not included in the Ethiopian hospitals’ workforce [26]. Ninety percent of Ethiopian food is served with injera, a pancake-like dough, and the other ten percent is served with bread, so get used to eating without silverware! Accessed 28 February 2019. It is time for public health authorities in Ethiopia to recognize PRFT as a public health risk, strengthen maternal nutrition counseling, and create public awareness of the consequences of PRFT. �>� � ��Ips*{��Bm/�s����uL����W�-�ʓ UĤ�5��I,Ua�^m��&Ic�|ֵY!��&ZV�ݫ7*w�Yeo3�.7T}�q&:A�ߠ2� ���z��L��z�.� ��`� It is often linked to maternal mortality and poor fetal outcomes [1, 2]. Correcting the cut-off point of hemoglobin at high altitude favors misclassification of anemia, erythrocytosis and excessive erythrocytosis. The validity of the WHO hemoglobin cutoff points for highland populations, including Ethiopia, is also questionable [24, 25]. Fact sheet about heath status in Ethiopia. These factors will influence the level of hematologic response to iron supplement use [5]. x�}�Ko�0���^vUb;���,�!�yh�F��������ߏ}o�B*%R�>|���35��εI���ہ[�x{鮾��`O�KXN��F���\�I���e��;v�rI�ߡ�2�yZ5��~Kҟ���u'�����}�f�� $K�&�=���W���lI Thus, further restricting eating due to pregnancy-related food taboos and myths (PRFT) may seriously affect the health of the mother as well as the fetus [7, 8]. Studies done in Kenya [9] and Mexico [15] among a similar population of women reported PRFT magnitude of 60 and 50.3%, respectively. PubMed  29, année 2015, … Methods: A qualitative, cross-sectional study, involving 38 key informant in-depth interviews and eight focus group 1976;16(3):168–75. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2018, 14(1). To that end, strengthening maternal nutrition counseling and creating public awareness of the consequences of PRFT represents worthy of consideration. For each included case, two consecutive controls were selected from those found not anemic and fulfilled the eligibility criteria. In addition to strengthening the institutional nutritional services, public awareness creation also stands an important consideration. Accessed 20 October 2018. 2017;13(1):29. Previous studies done in Ethiopia reported the existence of pervasive PRFT, which may be contributing to the burden of maternal anemia in the country. Second, most of the participants may not have been iron deficient. The bi-variable analyses were aimed to identify covariates which might influence the main relationship tested, i.e. PRFT was significantly and independently associated with a moderately higher likelihood of anemia. The specific types of food items avoided and the underlying reasons for the avoidance were also assessed. The green part of the plant is apparently never used as a vegetable. endstream endobj 236 0 obj <>stream endstream endobj 233 0 obj <>stream Iron deficiency was not the major cause of anemia in rural women of reproductive age in Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. The low magnitude of PRFT among our study participants might be because it was conducted in an urban setting. It was often considered to account for almost half of the global anemia burden [2, 5]. Gonzales GF, Fano D, Vasquez-Velasquez C. Diagnosis of anemia in populations at high altitudes. In the first trimester, there were more anemic individuals than non-anemic individuals (42.2% versus 23.2%, P <  0.001). Prevalence of food taboos and its source of information The prevalence rate of pregnant women adhering to specific food taboos during their pregnancy was 70.2%, of which, 18.3% avoided eating at least one food item. Overall, 18.2% of the study participants avoided at least one food item during the current pregnancy due to PRFT. Part II--vitamin D, vitamin a, iron, zinc, iodine, essential fatty acids. The food item should not be culturally or religiously prohibited. To examine whether the association was independent of the influence of the covariates, i.e. The prevalence among the anemic cases and non-anemic controls was 26.2 and 14.6%, respectively. 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